Five-year disease-specific survival was not significantly correlated with any clinicopathological factor in the multivariate analysis.Ĭonclusion Higher risk for multiple lymph node metastasis and 5-year locoregional recurrence seems to be predicted in patients with extratonsillar invasion of the pharyngeal constrictor muscle, even in early squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil. Five-year disease-specific survival was significantly correlated with multiple lymph node metastasis (≥5 nodes) in the univariate analyses ( P = .009). No factor was correlated with 5-year locoregional recurrence in the multivariate analysis. Five-year locoregional recurrence was significantly correlated with invasion of the pharyngeal constrictor muscle ( P = .05) and with multiple lymph node metastasis (≥5 nodes) ( P = .04) in the univariate analyses. The rate of lymph node metastasis, the mean (SD) number of positive nodes, and the mean (SD) lymph node density were 81%, 5.47 (9.27), and 0.15 (0.22) in the invasive group, respectively, and 50%, 1.33 (1.72), and 0.04 (0.04) in the noninvasive group, respectively ( P = .04, P = .02, and P = .01, respectively). Results Invasion of the pharyngeal constrictor muscle was found in 36 patients (75%) with T2 squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil. Main Outcome Measures Comparison of regional metastasis, 5-year locoregional recurrence, and 5-year disease-specific survival between the 2 groups. They were divided into 2 groups: an invasive group with invasion of the pharyngeal constrictor muscle and a noninvasive group without invasion of the pharyngeal constrictor muscle. Patients Forty-eight patients who were diagnosed as having T2 squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil and who underwent surgery. Objective To determine whether invasion of the pharyngeal constrictor muscle in early squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil is correlated with lymph node metastasis.ĭesign Retrospective analysis of medical records and pathology specimens. Shared Decision Making and Communication.Scientific Discovery and the Future of Medicine.Health Care Economics, Insurance, Payment.Clinical Implications of Basic Neuroscience.Challenges in Clinical Electrocardiography.
"Hyoid bone syndrome: A degenerative injury of the middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle with photomicroscopic evidence of insertion tendinosis".
The middle pharyngeal constrictor inserts posteriorly into the pharyngeal raphe, blending with its contralateral partner at the midline. The middle pharyngeal constrictor arises from the whole length of the upper border of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone, the lesser cornu of the hyoid bone, and from the stylohyoid ligament. The fibers diverge from their origin: the lower ones descend beneath the constrictor inferior, the middle fibers pass transversely, and the upper fibers ascend and overlap the constrictor superior. It acts to propel a bolus downwards along the pharynx towards the esophagus, facilitating swallowing. It is innervated by a branch of the vagus nerve through the pharyngeal plexus. The middle pharyngeal constrictor originates from the greater cornu and lesser cornu of the hyoid bone, and the stylohyoid ligament. It is smaller than the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle. It is one of three pharyngeal constrictor muscles. The middle pharyngeal constrictor is a fan-shaped muscle located in the neck.
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